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How Social Media Portrays Feminism

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Disregarding personality or nobility; reducing a person to a commodity or sex activity object

Women in a bikini contest are valued for their bodies and sexual entreatment over other attributes.

Sexual objectification is the human action of treating a person solely as an object of sexual want. Objectification more broadly means treating a person as a commodity or an object without regard to their personality or dignity. Objectification is near usually examined at the level of a club, but tin also refer to the behavior of individuals and is a type of dehumanization.

Although both men and women can exist sexually objectified, the concept is mainly associated with the objectification of women, and is an important thought in many feminist theories and psychological theories derived from them. Many feminists argue that sexual objectification of girls and women contributes to gender inequality, and many psychologists associate objectification with a range of physical and mental wellness risks in women. Inquiry suggests that the psychological effects of objectification of men are similar to those of women, leading to negative body image among men.

Sexual objectification of women [edit]

General [edit]

The sexual objectification of women involves them being viewed primarily as an object of male sexual want, rather than equally a whole person.[1] [2] [three] Although opinions differ as to which situations are objectionable, many see the objectification of women taking place in the sexually oriented depictions of women in advertising, art and media, pornography, the occupations of stripping and prostitution, and women being brazenly evaluated or judged sexually or aesthetically in public spaces and events, such as beauty contests.[4]

Some feminists and psychologists[v] argue that sexual objectification can pb to negative psychological effects including eating disorders, depression and sexual dysfunction, and can give women negative self-images because of the belief that their intelligence and competence are currently not beingness, nor will ever be, acknowledged by order.[3] Sexual objectification of women has also been plant to negatively affect women's performance, confidence, and level of position in the workplace.[ citation needed ] How objectification has afflicted women and order in general is a topic of academic debate, with some saying girls' agreement of the importance of advent in guild may contribute to feelings of fear, shame, and disgust during the transition to womanhood,[6] and others proverb that immature women are especially susceptible to objectification, equally they are often taught that power, respect, and wealth can exist derived from ane's outward appearance.[7]

Sexual objectification in advertisements occurs when the women shown have no human relationship to the object being sold. Here, U.South. promotional models in bikinis and ingather tops advertise a car battery make (meridian paradigm), and female person models attract male person customers to a motorcycle brand (lesser image).

Pro-feminist cultural critics such every bit Robert Jensen and Sut Jhally accuse mass media and advertising of promoting the objectification of women to aid promote goods and services,[4] [8] [ix] and the goggle box and moving picture industries are commonly accused of normalizing the sexual objectification of women.[10]

The objection to the objectification of women is not a recent phenomenon. In the French Enlightenment, for example, at that place was a debate as to whether a adult female'due south breasts were just a sensual enticement or rather a natural souvenir. In Alexandre Guillaume Mouslier de Moissy'due south 1771 play The True Female parent (La Vraie M̬re), the title character rebukes her husband for treating her every bit just an object for his sexual gratification: "Are your senses so gross as to look on these breasts Рthe respectable treasures of nature Рas but an embellishment, destined to ornament the chest of women?"[xi]

The issues concerning sexual objectification became first problemized during the 1970s past feminist groups. Since then, it has been argued that the miracle of female sexual objectification has increased drastically since its problematization in all levels of life, and has resulted in negative consequences for women, especially in the political sphere. Nevertheless, a rising form of new 3rd-waver feminist groups have also taken the increased objectification of women as an opportunity to apply the female person body as a way of power.[12]

Some accept argued that the feminist movement itself has contributed to the problem of the sexual objectification of women by promoting "free" dearest (i.e. men and women choosing to have not-reproductive sex exterior of marriage and for their own pleasance).[5] [13] One study plant that men exposed to media content in which women were objectified were more than likely to have those behaviors than men who were exposed to content where women were not objectified.[fourteen]

Female self-objectification [edit]

Ariel Levy contends that Western women who exploit their sexuality past, for instance, wearing revealing clothing and engaging in lewd behavior, engage in female self-objectification, meaning they objectify themselves. While some women see such behaviour as a form of empowerment, Levy contends that it has led to greater emphasis on a physical criterion or sexualization for women's perceived cocky-worth, which Levy calls "raunch civilization".[xv] In a study conducted past the Land University of New York, it is found that women self-objectify when trying to fit the "perfect" female standard co-ordinate to the male gaze.

Levy discusses this phenomenon in Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture. Levy followed the photographic camera crew from the Girls Gone Wild video serial, and argues that gimmicky America'southward sexualized culture not only objectifies women, it encourages women to objectify themselves.[sixteen] In today'due south culture, Levy writes, the thought of a woman participating in a wet T-shirt contest or beingness comfortable watching explicit pornography has become a symbol of feminist force.

Jordan Peterson has asked why women need to wear brand-up or high-heels in the workplace, that a double standard exists for sexual harassment and females who cocky-objectify themselves in society.[17]

Social media has made a major affect on the self-objectification of women. Through social media, women self-objectify by posting provocative images that know will exist objectified past their viewers every bit a class of seeking validation of posting images that fits the mold of society.[eighteen]

Latina women [edit]

Latina women confront a particular grade of sexual objectification based on stereotypes relating to Latina women. American media often portrays Latina women as being sexually promiscuous and curvaceous, having large breasts and buttocks, being melodramatic, or having a feisty mental attitude.[nineteen] Keller identifies three main stereotypes that contribute to the objectification of Latinas. (Cantina Girl, Suffering Senorita, and Vamp). The "Cantina Daughter" is characterized as being an attracting sexual presence. The "Suffering Senorita" is the Latina who goes "bad" due to her beloved of the (usually Anglo) honey interest. Lastly, the "Vamp" is seen as beautiful just devious, and a psychological threat for her wit or charm.[twenty] All three of these categorizations stalk from the sexual objectification of Latina women's bodies and identities.

Such sexual objectifications hold existent world consequences for Latina women. For case, the prevalence of negative Latina stereotypes (such every bit hypersexualization) has led to a decrease in positive in-group attitudes among the Latina customs.[21]

Black Women [edit]

Black women take been fetishized and objectified all throughout history. People who fetishize black women are known to accept what is called "Jungle fever" and this because black women are portrayed to accept a more animalistic nature to them.[22]

Blackness women are widely objectified in the media and in Pornography and they are scrutinized for doing the same things as their non-black counterparts. The media also stereotypes black women for having a more curvaceous bodies and bigger lips.[22]

Sexual objectification of men [edit]

General [edit]

Male person sexual objectification involves a human being viewed primarily as an object of sexual desire, rather than as a whole person. Psychologist Harold Lyon suggests that men's liberation is a necessary stride toward woman'southward liberation.[23]

Instances where men may exist viewed every bit sexual practice objects by women include advertisements, music videos, films, television shows, beefcake calendars, women's magazines, male strip shows, and clothed female/nude male (CFNM) events.[24] Women also purchase and eat pornography.[25]

Within gay male person communities, men are often objectified by other men.[26] In 2007 a written report found discussing negative furnishings of objectification was met with considerable resistance in the customs. The sexual objectification of men of color may force them to play specific roles in sexual encounters that are not necessarily of their own choosing.[27]

Research suggests that the psychological effects of objectification on men are like to those of women, leading to negative body image amongst men.[28]

Media [edit]

Men's bodies have become more objectified than they previously were, though considering of society'due south established gaze on the objectification of women, the newfound objectification of men is not every bit widespread.[ citation needed ] Even with this increase of male objectification, males are even so seen as the ascendant figures and so the focus is still primarily on women.[29]

Male sexual objectification has been constitute in 37% of advertisements featuring men's trunk parts to showcase a product.[30] Similar to the issues of sexual objectification in women, it is mutual for said objectification to lead men to trunk shaming, eating disorders, and a drive for perfection. The continued exposure of these "ideal" men discipline society to expect all men to fit this role.[31]

Male actors featured in Tv shows and movies are oftentimes in excellent shape and have the "ideal" bodies. These men often fill up the leading roles. When social club is subjected to men who do not have ideal bodies, we typically encounter them as the comic relief. It is rare to run across an out of shape man have a leading role. Leanne Dawson writes that "In that location are temporal, cultural and geographical 'norms' of gender and other aspects of identity, which are ofttimes incorrectly considered to be inherent or natural."[32]

In the media, the ideal version of a human being is seen every bit a strong, toned man. The idealized version of a adult female is thin.[33] Body evaluation is more ordinarily used to criticize women than men, and it can take different forms for men. For instance, body evaluation is often directed at men's nonverbal cues. By dissimilarity, women more often are discipline to trunk evaluation in the class of sexual, sometimes offensive, verbal remarks. Men tend to experience this from other men, whereas women experience information technology from both sexes.[30] The Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale (ISOS) is a calibration that shows sexual objectification of respondents, both men and women. While experiencing sexual objectification it creates the need to constantly maintain and critique one'southward physical appearance. This leads to other things like eating disorders, body shaming, and anxiety. The ISOS scale can be related to objectification theory and sexism.[30] Cocky-objectification, which is the way in which people evaluate themselves, is concentrated more on women. Men typically experience it through media display. To the extent that men practise experience self-objectification, studies have shown that men typically do non experience its negative effects to the extent that women do.[34] [33]

In the media, sexual objectification has been used as a way to sell products to the general public.[35] [36] Sexual objectification has been used every bit a marketing strategy for many decades according to the Journal of Advertising. This specific strategy targets the public in selling products that will make them await and feel desirable and attractive. Information technology is stated that this strategy sells well past grabbing the attention of the public. The journal states that explicit advertisements do better in marketing than other not-explicit ads.[ citation needed ]

Views on sexual objectification [edit]

While the concept of sexual objectification is important inside feminist theory, ideas vary widely on what constitutes sexual objectification and what are the ethical implications of such objectification. Some feminists such as Naomi Wolf find the concept of concrete bewitchery itself to be problematic,[37] with some radical feminists being opposed to any evaluation of another person'south sexual attractiveness based on concrete characteristics.[ commendation needed ] John Stoltenberg goes so far as to condemn as wrongfully objectifying any sexual fantasy that involves the visualization of a woman.[38]

Radical feminists view objectification every bit playing a central role in reducing women to what they refer to as the "oppressed sex class".[ This quote needs a citation ] While some feminists view mass media in societies that they fence are patriarchal to be objectifying, they oftentimes focus on pornography every bit playing an egregious office in habituating men to objectify women.[39]

Some social conservatives have taken up aspects of the feminist critique of sexual objectification. In their view however, the increase in the sexual objectification of both sexes in Western civilisation is one of the negative legacies of the sexual revolution.[forty] [41] [42] [43] [44] These critics, notably Wendy Shalit, advocate a render to pre-sexual revolution standards of sexual morality, which Shalit refers to as a "return to modesty", as an antidote to sexual objectification.[41] [45]

Others contest feminist claims about the objectification of women. Camille Paglia holds that "[t]urning people into sex activity objects is ane of the specialties of our species." In her view, objectification is closely tied to (and may even be identical with) the highest homo faculties toward conceptualization and aesthetics.[46] Individualist feminist Wendy McElroy says, given that 'objectification' of women means to make women into sexual objects; it is meaningless because, 'sexual objects', taken literally, means zero because inanimate objects exercise non take sexuality. She continues that women are their bodies likewise equally their minds and souls, then focusing on a single aspect should not be "degrading".[47]

Objectification theory [edit]

Objectification theory is a framework for agreement the experiences of women in cultures that sexually objectify them, proposed by Barbara Fredrickson and Tomi-Ann Roberts in 1997.[48] Within this framework, Fredrickson and Roberts draw conclusions nearly women's experiences. This theory states that, considering of sexual objectification, women learn to internalize an outsider's view of their bodies every bit the primary view of themselves. Women, they explain, brainstorm to view their bodies as objects separate from their person. This internalization has been termed self-objectification. This theory does non seek to prove the existence of sexual objectification; the theory assumes its being in culture. This cocky-objectification and then, co-ordinate to objectification theory, leads to increased habitual body monitoring. With this framework in heed, Fredrickson and Roberts suggest explanations for consequences they believe are the result of sexual objectification. The consequences suggested are: increased feelings of shame, increased feelings of anxiety, decreased peak motivational state, and decreased sensation of internal bodily states.

Sexual objectification has been studied based on the proffer that girls and women develop their master view of their physical selves from observing others. These observations can take identify in the media or through personal experience.[49] : 26 Through a alloy of expected and actual exposure, women are socialized to objectify their ain physical characteristics from a third-person perception, which is identified as self-objectification.[fifty] Women and girls develop an expected concrete appearance for themselves, based on observations of others; and are enlightened that others are likely to observe as well. The sexual objectification and self-objectification of women is believed to influence social gender roles and inequalities betwixt the sexes.[51]

Self-objectification [edit]

Cocky-objectification can increase in situations which heighten the sensation of an individual's physical appearance.[52] : 82 Here, the presence of a 3rd-person observer is enhanced. Therefore, when individuals know others are looking at them, or volition be looking at them, they are more than probable to care most their physical advent. Examples of the enhanced presence of an observer include the presence of an audition, camera, or other known observer.

Women, girls, and self-objectification [edit]

Primarily, objectification theory describes how women and girls are influenced as a event of expected social and gender roles.[49] Research indicates not all women are influenced equally, due to the anatomical, hormonal, and genetic differences of the female torso; nevertheless, women's bodies are often objectified and evaluated more frequently.[52] : 90–95 Self-objectification in girls tends to stalk from 2 main causes: the internalization of traditional beauty standards as translated through media as well every bit any instances of sexual objectification that they might see in their daily lives.[53] It is non uncommon for women to interpret their anxieties over their constant sense of objectification into obsessive self-surveillance. This, in turn, can pb to many serious issues in women and girls, including "torso shame, feet, negative attitudes toward menstruation, a disrupted flow of consciousness, diminished awareness of internal bodily states, depression, sexual dysfunction, and disordered eating."[54]

Sexual objectification occurs when a person is identified past their sexual body parts or sexual role. In essence, an individual loses their identity, and is recognized solely by the physical characteristics of their body.[49] The purpose of this recognition is to bring enjoyment to others, or to serve as a sexual object for society.[ii] Sexual objectification can occur as a social construct among individuals.

Sexual objectification has been effectually and nowadays in lodge for many but has increased with the introduction of social media according to "Objectification, Sexualization, and Misrepresentation: Social Media and the College Experience - Stefanie E Davis, 2018" This journal shows a clear caption for how young girls are influenced by social media to be sexually objectified. The platform is meant to share a glimpse into a person's life through photos to share with friends, family and mutuals. For many individuals, social media applications like Instagram, Snapchat and Twitter are used to glamorize and romanticize certain lifestyles. Examples of this can be young women using their platform (however big it may be) to pose as an older age by uploading provocative photos. This beliefs promotes sexual objectification of young girls that participate on social media.

Psychological consequences [edit]

Objectification theory suggests both directly and indirect consequences of objectification to women. Indirect consequences include self consciousness in terms that a woman is consistently checking or rearranging her clothes or appearance to ensure that she is presentable. More direct consequences are related to sexual victimization. Rape and sexual harassment are examples of this.[5] Doob (2012) states that sexual harassment is one of the challenges faced by women in workplace. This may plant sexual jokes or comments, near of which are degrading.[55] Research indicates that objectification theory is valuable to understanding how repeated visual images in the media are socialized and translated into mental health bug, including psychological consequences on the individual and societal level.[5] These include increased self-consciousness, increased trunk anxiety, heightened mental health threats (low, anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and sexual dysfunction), and increased body shame.[56] Therefore, the theory has been used to explore an array of dependent variables including matted eating, mental health, depression, motor functioning, trunk image, arcadian body blazon, stereotype formation, sexual perception and sexual typing.[5] [52] Torso shame is a byproduct of the concept of an idealized body type adopted by most Western cultures that depicts a thin, model-type figure. Thus, women will engage in actions meant to alter their body such every bit dieting, exercise, eating disorders, cosmetic surgery, etc.[5] Furnishings of objectification theory are identified on both the private and societal levels.

Causes of depression [edit]

Learned helplessness theory posits that because man bodies are just alterable to a certain point, people develop a sense of body shame and anxiety from which they create a feeling of helplessness in relation to correcting their concrete appearance and helplessness in being able to control the way in which others perceive their advent. This lack of control frequently results in depression.[five] In relating to a lack of motivation, objectification theory states that women accept less command in relationships and the work surroundings because they have to depend on the evaluation of another who is typically basing their evaluation on physical appearance. Since the dependence on another's evaluation limits a woman's ability to create her own positive experiences and motivation, it adversely increases her likelihood for depression.[v] Furthermore, sexual victimization may be a cause. Specifically, victimization inside the workplace degrades women. Harassment experienced every twenty-four hour period wears on a woman, and sometimes this results in a state of depression.[5] [55]

See also [edit]

  • Dehumanization
  • Exploitation of women in mass media
  • Human furniture
  • Male person gaze
  • Pornographication
  • Rape civilization
  • Sex in advertising
  • Sexuality in music videos
  • Sex in film

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  48. ^ Fredrickson, B. L.; Roberts, T.-A. (1997). "Objectification Theory". Psychology of Women Quarterly. 21 (two): 173–206. doi:ten.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.ten. S2CID 145272074.
  49. ^ a b c Bartky, Sandra Lee (1990). "On Psychological Oppression". Femininity and Domination: Studies in the Phenomenology of Oppression . New York: Routledge. p. 22-32. ISBN978-0-415-90186-4.
  50. ^ Kaschak, Ellyn (1992). Engendered Lives: A New Psychology of Women's Experience . New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 12. ISBN978-0-465-01349-4.
  51. ^ Goldenberg, Jamie L.; Roberts, Tomi-Ann (2004). "The Brute within the Beauty: An Existential Perspective on the Objectification and Condemnation of Women". In Greenberg, Jeff; Koole, Sander L.; Pyszczynski, Thomas A. (eds.). Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 71–85. ISBN978-1-59385-040-1.
  52. ^ a b c Fredrickson, Barbara L.; Harrison, Kristen (2005). "Throwing like a Girl: Self-Objectification Predicts Boyish Girls' Motor Operation". Journal of Sport and Social Issues. 29 (ane): 79–101. doi:10.1177/0193723504269878. S2CID 146312527.
  53. ^ McKay, Tajare' (2013). "Female self-objectification: causes, consequences and prevention". McNair Scholars Enquiry Journal. 6 (one): 53–70. ISSN 2166-109X.
  54. ^ Calogero, Rachel M.; Davis, William N.; Thompson, J. Kevin (2005). "The Role of Self-Objectification in the Experience of Women with Eating Disorders" (PDF). Sex Roles. 52 (1): 43–50. CiteSeerX10.1.1.413.8397. doi:ten.1007/s11199-005-1192-9. S2CID 10241677.
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Further reading [edit]

  • Bartky, Sandra Lee (1990). Femininity and domination: studies in the phenomenology of oppression . New York: Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-90186-4.
  • Berger, John (1972). Ways of Seeing. London: BBC and Penguin Books. ISBN 0-563-12244-vii (BBC), ISBN 0-14-021631-6, ISBN 0-fourteen-013515-4 (pbk).
  • Bridges, Ana J.; Johnson, Jennifer A.; Dines, Gail; Condit, Deirdre Grand.; Due west, Carolyn Thou. (April 2015). "Introducing Sexualization, Media & Guild". Sexualization, Media, & Society. i (1): 487–515. doi:10.1177/2374623815588763.
  • Brooks, Gary R. (1995). The centerfold syndrome: how men tin can overcome objectification and achieve intimacy with women. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN978-0-7879-0104-2.
  • Coy, Maddy; Garner, Maria (November 2010). "Glamour modelling and the marketing of self-sexualization: critical reflections". International Journal of Cultural Studies. thirteen (6): 657–675. doi:ten.1177/1367877910376576. S2CID 145230875.
  • Eames, Elizabeth R. (1976). "Sexism and woman as sexual practice object". Journal of Thought. 11 (2): 140–143. Preview. [Link Cleaved]
  • Holroyd, Julia (2005). Sexual objectification: The unlikely alliance of feminism and Kant (PDF). Society for Applied Philosophy International Congress. Oxford, UK. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-05-21. (conference paper)
  • LeMoncheck, Linda (1985). Dehumanizing Women: Treating Persons every bit Sex Objects . New York: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN978-0-8476-7386-5.
  • Nussbaum, Martha C. (October 1995). "Objectification". Philosophy & Public Diplomacy. 24 (four): 249–291. doi:10.1111/j.1088-4963.1995.tb00032.x. JSTOR 2961930.
  • Papadaki, Evangelia (Lina) (Baronial 2007). "Sexual objectification: From Kant to contemporary feminism" (PDF). Contemporary Political Theory. 6 (iii): 330–348. doi:10.1057/palgrave.cpt.9300282. S2CID 144197352.
  • Parker, Kathleen (30 June 2008). "'Save the males': Ho culture lights fuses, merely confuses". Daily News. New York.
  • Paul, Pamela (2005). Pornified: how pornography is transforming our lives, our relationships, and our families. New York: Times Books. ISBN978-0-8050-8132-ix.
  • Mario Perniola, The Sexual activity-appeal of the inorganic, translated by Massimo Verdicchio, London-New York, Continuum, 2004.
  • Sharge, Laurie (April 2005). "Exposing the fallacies of anti-porn feminism". Feminist Theory. 6 (ane): 45–65. doi:x.1177/1464700105050226. S2CID 145194517.
  • Soble, Alan (2002). Pornography, Sex activity, and Feminism. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN978-ane-57392-944-8.

External links [edit]

  • Papadaki, Evangelia (March ten, 2010), "Feminist perspectives on objectification", in Zalta, Edward North. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  • Shrage, Laurie (July 13, 2007), "Feminist perspectives on sex activity markets: ane.3 sexual objectification", in Zalta, Edward Northward. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  • Steinberg, David (March 5, 1993). "On Sexual Objectification". Spectator Mag | Comes Naturally column #5. – Sexual practice-positive feminist perspective on sexual objectification.
  • Wyatt, Petronella (Oct 5, 1996). "Women similar seeing men as sex objects". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Interview with Janet Anderson.
  • Kalyanaraman, Sriram; Redding, Michael; Steele, Jason (2000). "Sexual suggestiveness in online ads: furnishings of objectification on reverse genders". psu.edu/dept/medialab. Media Effects Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original on February 8, 2008.
  • Davis, Stefanie E (July xiii, 2018) "Objectification, Sexualization and Misrepresentation: Social Media and the College Feel" Sage Journals
  • Bello, D. C., Pitts, R. East., & Etzel, Thou. J. (1983). The advice furnishings of controversial sexual content in television programs and commercials. Journal of Advertising, 12(3), 32-42.
  • Hill, M. S., & Fischer, A. R. (2008). Examining objectification theory: Lesbian and heterosexual women's experiences with sexual-and self-objectification. The Counseling Psychologist, 36(5), 745-776. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000007301669
User generated content
  • Tigtog (March 23, 2007). "FAQ: What is sexual objectification?". finallyfeminism101.wordpress.com. Finally, A Feminism 101 Blog via WordPress.
  • Karen Straughan (March 28, 2012). I'm a sexy woman, so terminate objectifying me! (Video). Karen Straughan via YouTube. Retrieved June seven, 2017.

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